Selected Publications & Preprints
Sarah M Ali, Sai Preetham Peddireddy, Asma Hashim, Neda Rafat, Abhipsa Panigrahi, Lynette Stone, Marwou de Kock, Jishnu Das, Cheryl L. Day, Aniruddh Sarkar, Microscale Multiplexed Antigen-Specific Antibody Fc Profiling for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis, medRxiv 2025.11.15.25340307; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.11.15.25340307
TB is the number one killer infectious disease in the world and its control and elimination is severely limited by diagnostic challenges as up to 30-40% TB patients remain undiagnosed. In this preprint we report the first non-sputum point-of-care (POC) diagnostic for TB using antibody Fc features from a drop of blood that can diagnose active TB and distinguish it from latent TB infection. A new multivariate antibody Fc biomarker and a method for its POC measurement using a novel multimeric molecular probe and a cellphone-read silver metallization based assay are described. Performance matching or exceeding WHO target product profiles is reported across training and testing cohorts.
A. Saha§, T. Chakraborty§, J. Rahimikollu, H. Xiao, L. B. P. de Oliveira, T. W. Hand, S. Handali, W. E. Secor, A. O. F. L, J. K. Fairley†, J. Das†, and A. Sarkar†, Deep humoral profiling coupled to interpretable machine learning unveils diagnostic markers and pathophysiology of schistosomiasis, Sci Transl Med, vol. 16, no. 765, p. eadk7832, Sep 18 2024, doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk7832
Schistosomes are parasitic flatworms that pose a substantial disease burden affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. Current antibody tests cannot distinguish between active and past infections. In this paper we report a multiplexed antibody Fc profiling approach that uses interpretable machine learning to distinguish different stages of disease. Comparing healthy and infected individuals across two human cohorts from Brazil and Kenya revealed previously uncharacterized signatures of active disease, including increased Fc receptor binding and specific antibody glycoforms.
In the News (selected):
K. Elkhiyari§, B. Kaszala§, A. Hashim§, Y. Rallapalli, J. Khayumbi, J. Ongalo, J. Tonui, C. L. Day, and A. Sarkar†, Inexpensive High-Throughput Multiplexed Cytokine Detection for Tuberculosis Diagnostics Using Amplified Enzymatic Metallization, ACS Sensors, 2026, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2940-2948, 2026, doi: 10.1021/acssensors.5c00160.
TB is highly heterogeneous and yet TB infection detection currently uses Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA) that measure a single cytokine. Multiplexed cytokine measurement improves TB detection and staging yet remains inaccessible. Here we report an inexpensive, high-throughput platform for multiplexed POC cytokine detection using amplified enzymatic silver metallization on common plastic substrates. This enables dry, cellphone-readable measurement of multiple TB-relevant cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α) from less than 5 µL of stimulated blood sample, reaching clinically relevant sub-picomolar sensitivity and demonstrating measurement of multiplexed cytokine fingerprints from IGRA supernatants from a TB-endemic setting.
N. Rafat§, L. Brewer§, N. Das, D. Trivedi, B. Kaszala, N. Das, A. Sarkar†, Inexpensive High-Throughput Multiplexed Biomarker Detection Using Enzymatic Metallization with Cellphone-Based Computer Vision, ACS Sensors, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 534-542, 2023, doi: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01429.
Here we developed a low-cost, portable multiplexed biosensing platform that uses enzymatic silver metallization and cellphone-based computer vision to quantify multiple biomarkers from sub-microliter clinical samples. Applied to COVID-19 serology, the platform distinguished infection- and vaccine-associated antibody fingerprints, demonstrating a path toward inexpensive, high-throughput, POC immune profiling. The OpenCV based cellphone app is available as open source software here. This paper is the first report of what has since become our lab’s workhorse inexpensive multiplexed optical detection technologies for various POC diagnostic applications.
N. Rafat, H. Zhang, J. Rudge, Y. Kim, S. P. Peddireddy, N. Das, A. Sarkar†, Enhanced Enzymatically Amplified Metallization on Nanostructured Surfaces for Multiplexed Point-of-Care Electrical Detection of COVID-19 Biomarkers, Small, p. e2203309, Aug 29 2022, doi: 10.1002/smll.2022033091
Here we developed a new point-of-care biosensing approach that converts biomarker binding directly into a dry, conductive silver layer on microelectrode arrays. By combining enzyme-amplified metallization with nanostructured catalytic surfaces, the platform enables sensitive, multiplexed, optics-free electronic detection from a single drop of sample. Applied to COVID-19 serology, it distinguished immune signatures of prior infection and vaccination using a portable, cellphone-interfaced reader. This paper is the first report of what has since become our lab’s workhorse inexpensive electronic detection technology for various POC diagnostic applications.
In the News:
Publications, Preprints & Conference Presentations
2026
Mallika Senthil, Hanhao Zhang, Irene Carriazo Badillo, Yasir Alnakhli, Sukwan Handali, W. Evan Secor, Lucia A. O. Fraga, Jessica K. Fairley, Aniruddh Sarkar, ACS Nanoscience Au, 2026
Published as part of ACS Nanoscience Au special issue “2026 Rising Stars in Nanoscience”
Madeline Hoyle Josiah Rudge Yuvraj Rallapalli, Aniruddh Sarkar, Lab on a Chip, 2026
Multimodal Sensitivity Enhancement of Immunoassays Using Functional PEG Hydrogels
Pranshu Rajurkar, Samantha Wise, Aniruddh Sarkar, SFB Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, 2026
Antibody-omics Reveals Distinct Humoral Profiles and Diagnostic Biomarkers in Pediatric Tuberculosis
Sarah M. Ali, Pedro Marçal, Anaya Rege, Marieke van der Zalm, Anneke Hesseling, Aniruddh Sarkar, Keystone Tuberculosis Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 2026 [Poster]
Multiplexed Antigen-Specific Antibody Fc Profiling for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Sarah M. Ali, Sai Preetham Peddireddy, Asma Hashim, Neda Rafat, Abhipsa Panigrahi, Pranshu Rajurkar, Jishnu Das, Cheryl Day, Aniruddh Sarkar, Keystone Tuberculosis Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, 2026 [Poster]
Electronic Detection of Functional Cellular Immunity Using Enzymatic Metallization
Yuvraj Rallapalli, Josiah Rudge Madeline Hoyle, Rebecca Corral, Advaith Nair, Mallika Senthil, Caitlin Costello, Aniruddh Sarkar, ACS Omega, 2026.
Kanz Elkhiyari, Balazs Kaszala, Asma Hashim, Yuvraj Rallapalli, Jeremiah Khayumbi, Joshua Ongalo, Joan Tonui, Cheryl L. Day, and Aniruddh Sarkar, ACS Sensors, 2026.
A Critical Review of Microfluidic Electroporation for Therapeutic Cell Engineering
Madeline E. Hoyle, Julio P. Arroyo, Rafael V. Davalos, and Aniruddh Sarkar, Cell Reports Physical Science, 2026.
2025
Hanhao Zhang, Divya Bhakta, Anushka Saha, Sai Preetham Peddireddy, Shumin Bao, Lei Li, Sukwan Handali, W. Evan Secor, Lucia A. O. Fraga, Jessica K. Fairley, Aniruddh Sarkar, Lab on a Chip, 2025.
Josiah Rudge, Yuvraj Rallapalli, Madeline Hoyle, Aniruddh Sarkar, bioRxiv, 2025.
Madeline Hoyle, Josiah Rudge, Yuvraj Rallapalli, Aniruddh Sarkar bioRxiv, 2025.
Antibody-omics Reveals Distinct Immunological States Across the Infection and Disease Spectrum in Leprosy
Pedro Marcal, Anushka Saha, Trirupa Chakraborty, Priyamvada Guha Roy, Jishnu Das, Lorena Bruna Pereira de Oliveira, Suely Rodrigues, Lucia Alves de Oliveira Fraga, Jessica K. Fairley, Aniruddh Sarkar ASTMH Annual Meeting, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2025. [Talk]
Selective Engineering of Cell Subpopulations via High-Efficiency In-Flow Electroporation With Single-Cell Feedback Control
Madeline Hoyle, Josiah Rudge, Yuvraj Rallapalli, Aniruddh Sarkar, Cold Springs Harbor Immune Engineering & Cellular Immunotherapy, Long Island, New York, 2025. [Poster]
Multimodal Sensitivity Enhancement of Immunoassays Using Modular and Functional Hydrogels
Pranshu Rajurkar, Samantha Wise, Aniruddh Sarkar, BMES Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, 2025 [Talk]
2024
Hanhao Zhang, Neda Rafat, Josiah Rudge, Sai Preetham Peddireddy, Yoo Na Kim, Taaseen Khan, Aniruddh Sarkar, Analytical Methods, 2024.
Anushka Saha, Trirupa Chakraborty, Javad Rahimikollu, Hanxi Xiao, Lorena B. Pereira de Oliveira, Timothy W. Hand, Sukwan Handali, W. Evan Secor, Lucia A. O. Fraga, Jessica K. Fairley†, Jishnu Das†, Aniruddh Sarkar†, Science Translational Medicine, 2024.
In the News (selected):
Tropical disease researchers develop new tool for improved diagnosis of schistosomiasis
New AI Breakthrough Can Finally Detect Parasitic Worm Infections
This Forgotten Parasite Is More Common Than You Think — Can AI Help Detect It?
L’intelligence artificielle permet désormais de traquer ce ver parasite vampire
Antibody-omics Reveals Distinct Humoral Profiles and Biomarkers in HIV/TB Coinfection
Sarah Ali, Abhipsa Panigrahi, Marwou de Kock, Willem A. Hanekom, Cheryl L. Day, Aniruddh Sarkar, ASTMH Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 2024. [Talk]
A Novel Point-of-Care Approach for Cytokine Detection in Latent Tuberculosis Using Enzymatic Metallization: Cost-Effective and High-Throughput Method for Resource-Limited Settings
Kanz Elkhiyari, Balazs Kaszala, Asma Hashim, Aniruddh Sarkar, BMES Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 2024. [Talk]
Impedance-Based Detection of Individual Metallized Cells for POC Diagnostics
Yuvraj Rallapalli, Josiah Rudge, Asma Hashim, Madeline Hoyle, Mallika Senthil, Aniruddh Sarkar, BMES Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, 2024. [Talk]
Microparticle Enabled Single Cell Electronic Immunophenotyping and Selective Electroporation
Madeline Hoyle, Josiah Rudge, Yuvraj Rallapalli, Aniruddh Sarkar, The 28th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences Micro-Total Analysis Systems (µTAS 2024), Montréal, Canada, 2024. [Poster]
2023
Electronic Immunoassay Using Enzymatic Metallization on Microparticles
J. Rudge, M. Hoyle, N. Rafat, A. Spitale, M. Honan, A. Sarkar, ACS Omega, 2023.
N. Rafat, L. Brewer, N. Das, D. Trivedi, B. Kaszala, A. Sarkar, ACS Sensors, 2023.
Multiplexed High Throughout Point-of-Care Biosensing of Onchocerciasis Antibody Markers
Mallika Senthil, Sarah Ali, Balazs Kaszala, Dhruti Trivedi, Neda Rafat, Sukwan Handali, Sylvia A. Ossai, Evan W. Secor, Aniruddh Sarkar ASTMH Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2023. [Poster]
Pedro Marcal, Anushka Saha, Trirupa Chakraborty, Lorena Oliveira, Lucia Fraga, Jishnu Das, Aniruddh Sarkar, Jessica Fairley, ASTMH Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2023. [Talk]
Anushka Saha, Trirupa Chakraborty, Sukwan Handali, William E. Secor, Lucia Alves de Oliveira Fraga, Jessica Fairley, Jishnu Das, Aniruddh Sarkar, ASTMH Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2023. [Talk]
Multiplexed Antigen Specific Antibody Fc Profiling for Point of Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Sarah Ali, Preetham Peddireddy, Abhipsa Panigrahi, Asma Hashim, Aniruddh Sarkar, ASTMH Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 2023. [Talk]
Comprehensive Antibody Profiling for Biomarker Discovery and Point-of-Care Diagnostics for NTDs
A. Saha, T. Chakraborty, S. Ali, M. Senthil, B. Kaszala, J. Fairley, L. Oliveira, L. Fraga, J. Das, A. Sarkar, Tropical Infectious Diseases Gordon Research Conference, Galveston, TX, 2023 [Talk]
2022
N. Rafat, H. Zhang, J. Rudge, Y. Kim, S. P. Peddireddy, N. Das, A. Sarkar, Small, 2022
In the News (selected):
S. P. Peddireddy, S. A. Rehman, A. R. Cilio, G. M. Vijay, A. Somasundram, C. J. Workman, W. Bain, B. J. McVeryry, B. Methe, J. S. Lee, P. Ray, A. Ray, T. C. Bruno, D. A. A. Vignali, G. D. Kitsios, A. Morris, H. Singh†, A. Sarkar†, J. Das†
Cell Reports, 39, 11020, 2022
Comprehensive Antibody Profiling to Define Immunological Signatures of Disease State and Outcome
S. P. Peddireddy, A. Saha, S. A. Rahman, T. Chabraborty, J. Das, A. Sarkar, Immunoengineering Gordon Research Conference, Ventura CA, 2022
Comprehensive Antibody Profiling Predicts Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients
A. Saha, T. Chabraborty, J. Das, A. Sarkar, 2022 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES 2022), San Antonio TX, 2022
Multiplexed High-Throughput Point-of-Care Biosensing of Onchocerciasis Antibody Biomarkers
D. Trivedi, B. Kaszala, N. Rafat, S. Handali, S. Ossai, W.E. Secor, A. Sarkar, 2022 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES 2022), San Antonio TX, 2022
In-Flow Single-Cell Impedance Spectroscopy and Electroporation Using a Microscale Aperture
J. Rudge, A. Sarkar, 2022 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES2022), San Antonio, 2022
2021
Multiplexed Point-of-Care Electrical Detection of COVID-19 Biomarkers Using Enzymatically Amplified Metallization on Nanostructured Surfaces
N. Rafat, H. Zhang, J. Rudge, Y. Kim, A. Sarkar, 25th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2021), Palm Springs, USA, October 2021 [Talk]
Electronic Immunoassays Using Enzymatically Amplified Metallization on Microparticles
J. Rudge, N. Rafat, M. Hoyle, A. Sarkar, 25th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2021), Palm Springs, USA, October 2021 [Poster]
Multiplexed Antibody Profiling Predicts Outcome in Severe COVID-19
S. P. Peddireddy, S. Rehman, H. Singh, J. Das, A. Sarkar, 2021 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES2020). Orlando, USA, October 2021 [Talk]
Electronic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of COVID-19 Biomarkers
N. Rafat, H. Zhang, S. P. Peddireddy, A. Sarkar, American Chemical Society Fall Meeting (ACS Fall 2021), Atlanta, USA, August 2021. [Talk]
2020
A Feedback-Controlled High-Efficiency Single-Cell Electroporation Chip for Gene and Cell Therapy
M. Hoyle, A. Sarkar, 2020 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES2020). Virtual, 2020. [Poster]
Pre-Georgia Tech
Sarkar A, Hou HW, Han J, Alter G.; 2019. System and method for multiplexed affinity purification of proteins and cells. United States of America patent 10228313B2. Publisher's Version
Jennewein MF, Goldfarb I, Dolatshahi S, Cosgrove C, Noelette FJ, Krykbaeva M, Das J, Sarkar A, Gorman MJ, Fischinger S, et al. Fc Glycan-Mediated Regulation of Placental Antibody Transfer. Cell. 2019;178 (1) :202-215.e14.
Sarkar A, Lu L, Han J, Alter G. Electrical Detection of Glycan Biomarkers for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. 2018 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES2018). 2018.
Sarkar A, Wu L, Han J. Microfluidic Probes for Single Cell Proteomic Analysis. In: Open-Space Microfluidics: Concepts, Implementations, Applications. 1st ed. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA ; 2018. pp. 221-248. Publisher's Version
Sarkar A, Lu L, Han J, Alter G. An Integrated Electrical Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (E2LISA) for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Using Glycan Biomarkers. 21st International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2017). 2017.
Sarkar A, Hou HW, Han J, Alter G.; 2016. System and method for multiplexed affinity purification of proteins and cells. WIPO (World Intellectual Prop Org) patent 2016077055 A1. Full Text
Sarkar A, Lofano G, Blackburn S, Han J, Alter G. A Field-Portable, Inertio-Magnetic Microfluidic Cell Sorter for Rapid Discovery of Zika-Specific Antibodies, in 2016 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES2016). Minneapolis, USA ; 2016.
Sarkar A, Hou HW, Mahan AE, Han J, Alter G. Multiplexed affinity-based separation of proteins and cells using inertial microfluidics. Scientific Reports [Internet]. 2016;6 :23589. Full TextAbstract
Sarkar A, Hou HW, Han J, Alter G. Integrated Inertial and Magnetic Microfluidic Portable Cell Sorter for Infectious Disease Applications in Resource-Poor Settings, in 2015 Annual Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES2015). Tampa, USA ; 2015.
Wu L, Claas AM, Sarkar A, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. High-throughput protease activity cytometry reveals dose-dependent heterogeneity in PMA-mediated ADAM17. Integrative Biology [Internet]. 2015;7 :513-524. Full TextAbstract
Sarkar A, Hou HW, Mahan AE, Han J, Alter G. Inertial Microfluidics for Multiplexed Affinity Separation of Proteins and Cells, in 18th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μTAS 2014). San Antonio, USA ; 2014. Full Text
Cheow LF, Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. Detecting Kinase Activities from Single Cell Lysate Using Conentration-Enhanced Mobility Shift Assay. Analytical Chemistry [Internet]. 2014;86 (15) :7455-7462. Full TextAbstract
Sarkar A*, Kolitz S*, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. Microfluidic Probe for Single Cell Analysis in Adherent Tissue Culture. Nature Communications [Internet]. 2014;5 :3421. Full TextAbstract
Chen C-H, Miller MA, Sarkar A, Beste MT, Isaacson KB, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG, Han J. Multiplexed Protease Activity Assay for Low Volume Clinical Samples Using Droplet Based Microfluidics and Its Application to Endometriosis. J Am Chem Soc [Internet]. 2013;135 (5) :1645-48. Full TextAbstract
Li LD, Crouzier T, Sarkar A, Dunphy L, Han J, Ribbeck K. Spatial Configuration and Composition of Charge Modulates Transport into a Mucin Hydrogel Barrier. Biophys J [Internet]. 2013;105 (6) :1357-65. Full TextAbstract
Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. An Integrated Microfluidic Probe for Multiplexed Single Cell Kinase Activity Measurement, in International Conference on the Systems Biology of Human Disease (SBHD2012). Heidelberg, Germany ; 2012.
Chen C-H, Miller MA, Sarkar A, Beste MT, Lauffenburger DA, Griffith LG, Han J. High-Throughput Multiplexed Protease Activity Measurement using a Droplet Based Microfluidic Platform with Picoinjector. 16th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2012) [Internet]. 2012. Full Text
Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Lauffenburger, Douglas A., Han J. An Integrated Microfluidic Probe for Multiplexed Single Cell Kinase Activity Measurement. 16th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2012) [Internet]. 2012 :416-418. Full TextAbstract
Chen C, Sarkar A, Song Y, Miller MA, Kim SJ, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. Enhancing Protease Activity Assay in Droplet-Based Microfluidics Using a Biomolecule Concentrator, in 15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μTAS 2011). Seattle, USA ; 2011. Full Text
Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Cheow LF, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. An Integrated Microfluidic Probe for Concentration-Enhanced Selective Single Cell Kinase Activity Measurement. 15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2011) [Internet]. 2011 :1394-1396. Full TextAbstract
Cheow LF, Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Lauffenburger D, Han J. Concentration-enhanced Mobility Shift Assay with Applications to Aptamer-based Biomarker Detection and Kinase Profiling. 15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2011) [Internet]. 2011. Full TextAbstract
Chen C-H, Sarkar A, Song Y-A, Miller MA, Kim SJ, Griffith LG, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. Enhancing Protease Activity Assay in Droplet-Based Microfluidics Using a Biomolecule Concentrator. J Am Chem Soc. 2011;133 (27) :10368-71.Abstract
Sarkar A, Han J. Non-linear and Linear Enhancement of Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics Using a Nanofluidic Biomolecule Concentrator. Lab on a Chip [Internet]. 2011;11 (15) :2569-76. Full TextAbstract
Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Lauffenburger DA, Han J. Microfluidic Concentration-Enhanced Single Cellular Kinase Assay, in International Conference on the Systems Biology of Human Disease (SBHD2010). Boston, USA ; 2010.
Song Y-A, Sarkar A, Han J. Encapsulation of Biomolecules in Micro-droplets at Programmable Concentrations Using a Electrokinetic Concentrator. 12th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (µTAS 2008) [Internet]. 2008. Full TextAbstract
Sarkar A, Shastry A, Mitra B, Mulherkar R, Lal R. High efficiency electroporation in a microfabricated sense-porate aperture, in 25th Annual Convention of the Indian Association of Cancer Research (IACR 2006). Navi Mumbai, India ; 2006.
Sarkar A, Shastry A, Mitra B, Mulherkar R, Lal R. High Efficiency Electroporation in a Microfabricated Sense-Porate Aperture, in 10th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μTAS 2006). Tokyo, Japan ; 2006.
Mali P*, Sarkar A*, Lal R. Facile Fabrication of Microfluidic Systems Using Electron Beam Lithography. Lab on a Chip [Internet]. 2006;6 (2) :310-315. Full TextAbstract
Mali* P, Sarkar* A, Lal R. Facile fabrication of microfluidic systems using electron beam lithography, in 9th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (μTAS 2005). Boston, USA ; 2005.
Sarkar A, Mitra B, Shastry A, Wadia S, Mulherkar R, Lal R. A Low Voltage Single Cell Electroporator with a Microfabricated Sense-Porate Aperture. 17th IEEE Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Maastricht (MEMS 2004). 2004 :375–378.Abstract
Sarkar A, Mitra B, Shastry A, Wadia S, Mulherkar R, Lal R. A single cell electroporation system, in 12th International Workshop on the Physics of Semiconductor Devices (IWPSD-2003). Chennai, India ; 2003.